Does Advertisement Expenditure in Toyota Influence its Sales and Profits?
Business Problem Analysis
Advertising is done to increase sales or bring attention to the products and services a business is selling. Toyota Motor Corporation was created in 1937 (Nusran et al., 2018). Since then, it has grown from a little company in a small town to a major worldwide competitor in the automobile sector. Currently, the company is present in all key local markets. Toyota implements the four Ps of marketing in order to communicate with the people that comprise its target market (Itsuki, 2021). When making judgments, Toyota, one of the well-to-do manufacturers in the world, considers a range of customers, both in terms of what each customer desires and what occurs in local and regional markets. As a consequence, the marketing mix of the company has been changed to accommodate these varied aspects. Toyota’s continued worldwide success is proof of how well the company devised and implemented its marketing mix (Madoh, Alenazi, Alkhamees, & Panwar, 2019). Throughout its history, the company has adopted several strategies, all of which have contributed to its continued expansion and success. The company’s current level of success may be attributed to a number of things, including a robust internal structure, a welcoming human resources staff, excellent relationships with the company’s clients, and a favorable public reputation.
The business problem explored in this study is whether advertisement expenditure has an impact on the sales and profits of Toyota Motor Corporation. With its international success, scholars such as Nusran et al. (2018) and Madoh et al. (2019) argue that Toyota’s advertising expenditure has no significance in the long term. Others argue that the organization still uses advertising in its marketing mix to successfully reach new markets, appeal to new consumers, and keep old ones (Anand, Singhal, & Singh, 2020). The main variables required to evaluate the business problem above include: increases or decreases on advertising expenditure, movement on company sales based on advertisement expenditure, and movement on firm profits based on advertisement expenditure.
The research questions are as follows:
Does an increase in advertisement expenditure influence annual profits for Toyota?
Will a decrease in advertisement expenditure influence the annual sales for Toyota?
How does an increase in advertisement expenditure influence annual sales for Toyota?
What impact does a decrease in advertisement have on annual profits for Toyota?
Literature Review
Role of Advertising
Advertising is a subcategory of marketing that uses mass media to transmit impersonal information about a firm to its target population. In addition, it gives information on a product or service that is presently being marketed to a large audience (Nikbin et al., 2021). This may be accomplished through convincing and educating consumers about the advantages of the offered items, which influences the choices made by those customers. Although pricey, Shah (2018) notes that doing so increases the visibility of a brand or product. Advertising not only informs consumers about the things or services being sold to them, but also persuades them to purchase those products or services. Advertising influences the financial choices of consumers in a number of ways. Any product’s total sales may be increased by increasing the quantity of advertising conducted. It has proven crucial to the steady expansion of a number of businesses over the last many years (Karray, Martín-Herrán, & Sigué, 2021). When there are no possible issues, a company may introduce new technologies that are more efficient and productive while simultaneously training staff on how to use the new tools. This may be accomplished by developing a worker culture that emphasizes cooperation and open communication. This promotes a company’s development and adds to its improved operation.
Impact of Advertisements on Sales Volume
Customers are often viewed as the single most crucial component in determining a brand’s success in today’s fiercely competitive commercial industry. Customers have a lot of power in the market since there are so many different options accessible to them (Karray, Martín-Herrán, & Sigué, 2021). They have the ability to make choices, which means they have the capability to influence variables like product size, cost, and quality (Joshi & Hanssens, 2018). As a result, if manufacturers want to remain one step ahead of the competition, they must ensure that they can meet the expectations of their clients. Many people consider advertising and sales promotion to be the two most significant types of marketing communication. This is because both types have a significant impact on grabbing consumers’ attention and enhancing a company’s reputation. Advertising and sales promotions are two of the most efficient methods for getting clients to purchase a certain brand.
There is a chance that the amount of revenue a company generates might change right away or gradually over time, depending on the goals a firm has established for its marketing strategy. Long-term brand management advertising often produces greater sales and more profits over time as contrasted to short-term sales promotions (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2018a), which typically increase sales more rapidly (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2018b). Contrary to popular belief, short-term sales campaigns usually result in increased sales (Katole, 2020). The two criteria that are commonly used to assess the success of a transaction are the amount of money earned and the number of items sold. If a company’s sales are increasing, this often indicates that either the business is getting more profitable or that both demand and sales are increasing (Anagnostopoulou et al., 2019). Increased income may subsequently be utilized to grow the firm. Sales promotions and long-term advertising may increase sales. One of the most significant advantages of raising sales is this.
The amount of advertising that is done for a product has a big effect on how many sales it generates. This is due to the fact that consumers often base their selections of products on things they have previously seen, heard about, or utilized (Al Badi, 2018). Advertising is helpful since it allows marketers and producers to directly contact a dispersed target audience that they otherwise would not have been able to do so. Additionally, research shows that a product or service’s advertising has to be powerful enough to encourage repeat business from clients in order to avoid giving their rivals an edge. This prevents the competition from having an advantage (Hoekstra & Leeflang, 2020). Customers get even more devoted to the brand as a result, and the goods acquire a distinct personality. In order to strengthen the message and grab the audience’s attention, advertisers develop brands and moments that will resonate with their target audiences and persuade them to purchase the product or service being offered.
Impact of Advertisements on Profitability
In their illustration of business advertising, researchers found two important roles. The first issue is that every time a business spends money on advertising, it ultimately loses money (Joshi & Hanssens, 2018). Second, if the marketing was successful, the business will begin to generate revenue (Ou et al., 2018). Both of these actions have an effect on the accounting formula, emphasizing the need of precise classification for the business to maintain its sound financial position. To the great benefit of a business, advertising is often condensed into a few simple accounts, and staying up to date seldom poses a challenging issue (Huang & Radighieri, 2021). Advertising will result in an increase in total income, which will improve the ratio of fixed expenditures to earnings and boost net profits (Madoh et al., 2019). However, there is a good likelihood that profit margins won’t increase in the short term. This is because a profit margin is determined by subtracting the selling price from the cost of the goods sold, and this number is challenging to modify just via marketing efforts.
Given that the majority of firms decide to spend money in advertising for this reason, it would seem to reason that advertising would have some type of impact on sales. At present moment, there is no clear answer to the issue of which companies spend a lot of money on advertising. When compared to a company with a lower sales revenue, a higher sales revenue corporation is able to spend more money on advertising because it has the financial means to do so. If correctly executed, 74% of advertising efforts will result in sustained, profitable sales (Anand, Singhal, & Singh, 2020). There is no risk involved in spending money to advertise a company’s goods or services. TV is regarded as the “safest” type of media due to its great potential for both short-term and long-term advertising revenue (Anand, Singhal, & Singh, 2020). The same study finds that throughout 72% of television advertising-related activities result in a profit over the course of a single campaign.
Descriptive Analysis of Relevant Existing Data
Revenue versus Advertising Budget
The growth of a company’s revenue as well as its customer base should be its primary focus. In order for a business to continue being successful, it must first sell enough of its own goods to cover its overhead costs and then generate a profit that is satisfactory for the business. Estimating future sales is the first stage in developing a financial plan and bringing in money for many different kinds of businesses and organizations. This is because, in the vast majority of instances, it is necessary to specify it before production units can be established, and production units, in turn, decide what kinds of materials need to be acquired (Shah, 2018). However, evaluating sales is one of the most challenging activities that a large number of business owners and managers are required to do. This is owing to the fact that a company such as Toyota cannot affect the preferences of potential customers who are located outside of its sphere of influence. Because of this, Dekimpe and Hanssens (2018b) found that it is impossible to anticipate, predict, or establish what kind of expectations will be held in such a situation. Because sales are essential to a company’s ability to stay in business and there is a correlation between the number of customers and the quantity of sales, it makes perfect sense for Toyota to participate in activities that have the potential to convince customers to buy the products they have to offer. In this perspective, branding and advertising are critical due to the fact that they are both essential in creating awareness on a brand, new products, or the company itself (Hoekstra & Leeflang, 2020). Advertising is one of the four different components that make up the promotion mix, which is one of the four components that make up the marketing mix. The item itself, the price of the item, and its location are the other three components. Advertising, a subset of marketing strategy, is an essential method that serves two primary functions: first, it raises the level of product awareness among consumers; second, it influences potential purchasers to evaluate a product in a certain way before making a purchase decision.
Advertising as Value Adding
According to Nye, the most important role that advertising plays is to provide business owners the opportunity to make use of various marketing communication methods such as public relations, sales promotion, and advertising. Communication is unique in that the information that is provided has to be as straightforward as is humanly feasible in order for it to be comprehended by the people who are receiving it. Advertising is defined as a compensatory, impersonal interaction that is transferred through the use of different publications by for-profit businesses such as Toyota Motors, non-profit organizations including charitable organizations, and individuals to communicate a business proposition to target markets (Karray, Martín-Herrán, & Sigué, 2021). Advertising targets entities who are identifiable in some manner in the message and who want to educate or convince members of a specific audience, according to Huang and Radighieri (2021). The authors of this definition took a look at advertising from the point of view of how it operates in order to establish its purpose, use of resources (both financial and non-financial) and other elements relevant to marketing. According to Nusran et al. (2018), the objective of advertising is to simultaneously raise customers’ awareness of a product or service and encourage them to make a purchasing decision for that product or service. According to Karray, Martín-Herrán, and Sigué, (2022), the definition of advertising includes non-personal forms of communication supplied through paid media with clear sponsorship. Therefore, advertising is one of the four key channels that companies use to convince consumers and the general public to support their products and services. According to Dekimpe and Hanssens (2018a), the objective of advertising is to alter the perceptions of potential customers about a company and the goods or services that it has to offer. From this description, therefore, advertising tries to achieve its purpose by giving information, directing desire, and offering reasons to choose one organization’s offer over another.
Toyota’s Advertising Budget Compared to Returns
During the company’s fiscal year 2019, which began in April 2019 and will end in March 2020, Toyota Motor Corporation spent advertising and sales promotion expenses of 470 billion Japanese yen, which is equivalent to around 4.3 billion USD. As can be seen in figures 1 and 2, below, the statistics have been going down during the course of the time in question.
Figure 1: Toyota Global Advertising Expenditure 2017-2020 (Source: Statista.com, 2022)
In the year 2020, the Japanese automobile company Toyota expended more than 1.4 billion United States Dollars on advertising in various forms of media in the United States. The firm came in at number two on the list of the top five car manufacturers that year based on the amount of money they spent on advertising, behind only General Motors but above Ford. Over one hundred million dollars were spent by the Toyota Group collectively in the previous year on advertising across national television, print media, and internet platforms. They make investments in upscale ad units and throughout the last year promoted on over 200 various media properties in a variety of media forms. Twenty new items have been introduced by Toyota Motor and marketed throughout the course of the last year. Figure 2 below shows a comparative analysis of how the company has faired since 2007-2020.
Figure 2: Toyota US Market Advertising Expenditure 2007-2020
Source: statista.com (2022)
Comparatively, with the reduction in advertising spending from 2017, Toyota Motors saw a sharp decline in net margins since the same period.
Figure 3: Fluctuating net income margins at Toyota due to reduced ad spending
Source: Nasdaq.com
The percentage of the company’s revenue that is retained as profit rose from 6.6% in the 2017 fiscal year to 8.5% in the following year 2018, but then it dipped back down to 6.2% in 2019 as it settled on a new reality of reduced spending in advertising expenditure (Nasdaq.com, 2022). As a result of the reduction in the advertising budget, Toyota anticipates that their operational profit would decrease by around twenty percent to a total of two and a half trillion yen for the current fiscal year (Nasdaq.com, 2022).
Impressions of television commercials declined to around 26 billion in October 2021, down from 28 billion in October 2020 (statista.com, 2022). In the United States market alone, Toyota spent the most money of any other carmaker, totaling $40 million (statista.com, 2022). The National Football League accounted for over 82% of Toyota’s national TV advertising budget, with MLB games and NBA games coming in second and third, respectively (statista.com, 2022). Toyota registered a 65% rise in their expenditure in October 2021 compared to October 2020, which was the most substantial increase recorded by any of the leading vehicle manufacturing firms. Additionally, Facebook accounts for 62% of Toyota’s total spending on social media (statista.com, 2022).
When a company like Toyota invests millions of dollars on marketing communication, including advertising, it is only reasonable to study the ways in which these expenditures affect the company’s bottom line. As a consequence of the growing power of markets, academics and businessmen are becoming more conscious of the ways in which communication methods such as advertising effect the value of firms (Miller et al., 2021). Research conducted in the real world has proven that commercials do have an effect on the choices that consumers make about their purchases (Shah, 2018). When making a purchase decision, a consumer gives significant weight to the “value” they anticipate receiving from a certain product or service. This might be in the form of monetary savings or other benefits. Customers have the expectation that their purchases will result in a profit (price vis-à-vis value) (Nusran et al., 2018). To put it another way, customers have the expectation that each and every kobo that they spend will be worth it. On the other end of the scale, there are marketers who feel that investing in advertising would enhance their bottom line and hence make the investment. This is to be expected given that businesses are required to spend a significant amount of money on advertising. The advantage may present itself to the company in the form of increased profits or an increase in the sum of all sales (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2018a). Each year, Toyota spends millions of dollars on its public relations and advertising efforts in order to promote its products and services. It is quite probable that the majority of this cash will be utilized to cover advertising expenditures. Nikbin et al. (2021) highlight that it is only reasonable for marketers to hope for a return on their investment (ROI) in this endeavor. Their confidence stems from the conviction that marketing strategies will have an effect on how well the market operates and, as a result, how much revenue the company earns. This notion fuels their passion. According to Katole (2020), the effectiveness of advertising may mean very different things to very different people in very different regions. These individuals may even be in very different places.
A collection of measures has been devised in order to analyze and quantify the level of brand awareness and customer loyalty that exists in the market (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2018b). Also, beginning in the early 1900s, the AIDA or one of its many variants has been used widely in research. Joshi and Hanssens (2018) conclude that only a limited amount of study has been done to investigate the factors that contribute to fluctuations in sales and profitability. At first glance, it appears that the customers and markets in different parts of the world where Toyota operates have been abused in order to explore the consequences of these factors. As a result, it is of the utmost importance to study the link between the marketing expenditures made by Toyota organization and the income that these marketing expenditures create.References
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